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Cognitive bias mitigation
Cognitive bias mitigation is the prevention and reduction of the negative effects of cognitive biases – unconscious, automatic influences on human judgment and decision making that reliably produce reasoning errors.
There is no coherent, comprehensive theory of cognitive bias mitigation. This article describes debiasing tools, methods, proposals and other initiatives, in academic and professional disciplines concerned with the efficacy of human reasoning, associated with the concept of cognitive bias mitigation; most address mitigation tacitly rather than explicitly.
A long-standing debate regarding human decision making bears on the development of a theory and practice of bias mitigation. This debate contrasts the rational economic agent standard for decision making versus one grounded in human social needs and motivations. The debate also contrasts the methods used to analyze and predict human decision making, i.e. formal analysis emphasizing intellectual capacities versus heuristics emphasizing emotional states. This article identifies elements relevant to this debate.
== Context ==
A large body of evidence〔Ariely, D. (2008). Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions, Harper Collins.〕〔Epley, N. and T. Gilovich (2006). "The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic: Why the Adjustments are Insufficient." Psychological Science 17(4): 311–318.〕〔Gigerenzer, G. (2006). "Bounded and Rational." Contemporary Debates in Cognitive Science. R. J. Stainton, Blackwell Publishing: 115–133.〕〔Gilovich, T. (1991). How We Know What Isn't So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life. New York, NY, The Free Press.〕〔Hammond, J. S., R. L. Keeney, et al. (2006). "The Hidden Traps in Decision Making." Harvard Business Review 84(1): 118–126.〕〔Haselton, M. G., D. Nettie, et al. (2005). The Evolution of Cognitive Bias. Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. D. M. Buss. Hoboken, Wiley: 724–746.〕〔Henrich et al (2010). "Markets, Religion, Community Size, and the Evolution of Fairness and Punishment." Science 327, 1480 (2010): 1480–1484.〕〔Lerher, J. (2009). How We Decide. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.〕〔Nozick, R. (1993). The Nature of Rationality. Ewing, NJ, Princeton University Press.〕〔Schacter, D. L. (1999). "The Seven Sins of Memory: Insights From Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience." American Psychologist 54(3): 182–203.〕 has established that a defining characteristic of cognitive biases is that they manifest automatically and unconsciously over a wide range of human reasoning, so even those aware of the existence of the phenomenon are unable to detect, let alone mitigate, their manifestation via awareness only.
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